Understanding the Miracle of In Vitro Fertilization

What is In Vitro Fertilization (IVF)?

In vitro fertilization, commonly known as IVF, is a fertility treatment that involves fertilizing an egg with sperm outside the body, in a laboratory dish. The term "in vitro" literally means "in glass," reflecting the environment in which the fertilization process takes place – a controlled laboratory setting.

How Does IVF Work?

IVF is a multi-step process that typically involves the following stages:

1. Ovarian Stimulation: The first step in IVF involves stimulating the ovaries to produce multiple eggs. This is usually achieved through hormone injections over a period of about 8 to 14 days. The aim is to encourage the ovaries to mature several eggs simultaneously, increasing the chances of successful fertilization.
2. Egg Retrieval: Once the eggs have matured, they are retrieved from the ovaries using a minimally invasive surgical procedure called transvaginal ultrasound aspiration. A thin needle is guided through the vaginal wall to collect the eggs from the ovarian follicles.
3. Fertilization: The retrieved eggs are then combined with sperm in a laboratory dish, where fertilization occurs. Depending on the specific circumstances of the individual or couple, sperm may be obtained from a partner or a sperm donor.
4. Embryo Culture: After fertilization, the embryos are cultured in a specialized incubator for several days, typically between 3 to 5 days. During this time, they undergo cell division and development.
5. Embryo Transfer: Once the embryos have reached a certain stage of development, one or more are selected for transfer into the uterus. This is usually done through a thin catheter that is inserted into the cervix, allowing the embryos to be placed directly into the uterine cavity.
6. Implantation and Pregnancy: If the embryo successfully implants into the uterine lining, pregnancy occurs. In some cases, additional embryos may be frozen (cryopreserved) for future use.